Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects Explained

Summary of Key Points

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (SPS) is a medication used to treat high potassium levels (hyperkalemia) in the blood. It works by binding to potassium in the intestines, allowing the body to eliminate it more effectively. This medication is commonly prescribed for individuals with kidney disease, heart failure, or other conditions that lead to elevated potassium levels. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting or adjusting your dose. For personalized care, consider scheduling a telemedicine visit with one of our providers.

Names of Medication

US Brand Name: Kayexalate

Generic Name: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

The generic name refers to the active ingredient in the medication, which is listed in parentheses after the brand name.

Pharmacologic Category

Potassium Binder

Cation-Exchange Resin

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Dosage Guidelines

Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels): The typical adult dose ranges from 15 grams to 60 grams, taken orally or rectally, once or up to four times daily, depending on the severity of the condition. The duration of treatment varies based on potassium levels and the body’s response to the medication. Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions and consult them before making any changes to your dose.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): In patients with CKD, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate may be used to manage hyperkalemia. The dose typically ranges from 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. Consult your doctor for the exact dosing schedule.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): For patients with AKI, the dose is usually 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. The treatment duration depends on potassium levels and kidney function.

Heart Failure: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate may be used to manage hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure. The dose typically ranges from 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. Always consult your healthcare provider for the appropriate dosing.

Metabolic Acidosis: In cases of metabolic acidosis with hyperkalemia, the dose is usually 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. Consult your healthcare provider for the correct dosing.

Hypertension: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is sometimes used to manage high potassium levels in patients with hypertension. The dose typically ranges from 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. Always check with your doctor before adjusting your dose.

Diabetes Mellitus: In diabetic patients who develop hyperkalemia, the dose is usually 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. Consult your healthcare provider for the correct dosing schedule.

Renal Failure: For patients with renal failure, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is used to manage hyperkalemia. The dose typically ranges from 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. Consult your healthcare provider for the appropriate dosing.

Cardiac Arrhythmias: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate may be used to manage hyperkalemia in patients with cardiac arrhythmias. The dose typically ranges from 15 grams to 30 grams, taken one to four times daily. Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions.

Hyperphosphatemia: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is not typically used to treat high phosphate levels, but in some cases, it may be prescribed. Consult your healthcare provider for the correct dosing if this applies to you.

Always consult your healthcare provider before adjusting your dose. If you need assistance, consider scheduling a telemedicine visit with one of our providers for personalized care.

Dosage Forms and Strengths

Oral powder: 15 grams/60 mL suspension

Rectal powder: 15 grams/60 mL suspension

Oral powder: 454 grams (bulk powder)

Administration Instructions for Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate can be taken orally or administered rectally. When taken orally, it is usually mixed with water or syrup. If administered rectally, it is given as an enema. Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions carefully. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water while taking this medication. Avoid fruit juices or foods high in potassium, as they can reduce the medication’s effectiveness.

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

Constipation: A common side effect, as the medication can slow intestinal movement.

Nausea and Vomiting: Some patients may experience nausea or vomiting after taking the medication.

Diarrhea: In some cases, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate may cause loose stools or diarrhea.

Electrolyte Imbalance: This medication can lower other electrolytes like calcium and magnesium, so regular monitoring is important.

Stomach Cramps: Some patients may experience abdominal discomfort or cramping.

Serious Reactions (Rare): Severe allergic reactions, intestinal blockage, or perforation may occur but are rare. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe abdominal pain, swelling, or difficulty breathing.

Contraindications for Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

A contraindication is a specific situation or condition where a medication should not be used because it may be harmful. Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate has several contraindications you should be aware of before starting treatment, including:

Hypokalemia (low potassium levels): Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate lowers potassium levels, so if your potassium is already low, taking this medication could lead to dangerously low levels, causing muscle weakness, irregular heartbeats, or even paralysis.

Obstructive bowel disease: If you have a blockage in your intestines, taking Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate could worsen the blockage or cause severe constipation, potentially leading to complications like bowel perforation.

History of gastrointestinal (GI) issues: Conditions such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, or recent bowel surgery can increase the risk of GI complications, including bowel necrosis (tissue death), when taking Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate.

Severe constipation: This medication can cause or worsen constipation, so if you already have severe constipation, it may not be safe to take Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate.

Allergy to Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate: If you are allergic to this medication, taking it could result in an allergic reaction, which may include symptoms like rash, itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing.

It’s important to discuss any of these conditions with your healthcare provider before starting Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. If you’re unsure, our telemedicine providers are available to help you assess whether this medication is right for you.

Drug to Drug Interactions with Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

Several medications can interact with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), potentially reducing its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. It’s important to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are currently taking. Some known drug interactions include:

1. Digoxin (Lanoxin): Sodium polystyrene sulfonate can lower potassium levels, which may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity can include nausea, vomiting, and irregular heartbeats.
2. Magnesium-containing antacids or laxatives: These can raise magnesium levels in the body, potentially leading to muscle weakness, breathing difficulties, or heart problems.
3. Calcium supplements: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate can bind to calcium, reducing its absorption and potentially leading to low calcium levels, which may affect bone health.
4. Levothyroxine (Synthroid): Sodium polystyrene sulfonate may reduce the absorption of levothyroxine, making it less effective in treating hypothyroidism.
5. Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide [Lasix]): These medications also lower potassium levels, and when combined with sodium polystyrene sulfonate, the risk of hypokalemia (low potassium) increases.

If you are taking any of these medications, your healthcare provider may need to adjust your treatment plan. Our telemedicine team can help review your medications to ensure sodium polystyrene sulfonate is safe for you.

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate in Pregnancy

Is it safe to take sodium polystyrene sulfonate during pregnancy? The safety of sodium polystyrene sulfonate during pregnancy has not been extensively studied. However, since this potassium-lowering medication is not absorbed into the bloodstream, it is generally considered low risk for pregnant women. Still, it’s essential to discuss any medications with your healthcare provider during pregnancy. If you are pregnant and need treatment for high potassium levels (hyperkalemia), our telemedicine providers can help you evaluate the safest options for you and your baby.

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate While Breastfeeding

Is it safe to take sodium polystyrene sulfonate while breastfeeding? Since sodium polystyrene sulfonate is not absorbed into the bloodstream, it is unlikely to pass into breast milk, making it generally safe to use while breastfeeding. However, as with any medication, it’s best to consult your healthcare provider to ensure it’s the right choice for you and your baby. Our telemedicine providers are available to discuss any concerns you may have about breastfeeding and medications.

Estimated Cost of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

The cost of sodium polystyrene sulfonate can vary depending on the pharmacy and whether you have insurance. Without insurance, a 30-day supply typically costs between $30 and $60 when using a GoodRx coupon. Check with your pharmacy for the most accurate pricing, and consult our telemedicine providers for assistance in finding affordable medication options.

Possible Alternatives to Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

If sodium polystyrene sulfonate is not the right option for you, there are alternative treatments and lifestyle changes that may help manage your condition. Always discuss these alternatives with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your treatment plan. Our telemedicine providers can help guide you through these options.

1. Hyperkalemia: Alternatives include medications like patiromer (Veltassa) or zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma). Dietary changes, such as reducing potassium-rich foods (e.g., bananas, potatoes), may also help.
2. Chronic kidney disease: Managing blood pressure and blood sugar levels, along with medications like ACE inhibitors or ARBs, can help slow the progression of kidney disease.
3. Acute kidney injury: Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as dehydration or infection, and may involve temporary dialysis.
4. Heart failure: Medications such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, or diuretics, along with lifestyle changes like reducing salt intake, can help manage symptoms.
5. Metabolic acidosis: Sodium bicarbonate or other alkalinizing agents may be used to correct acid levels in the blood.
6. Hypertension: Lifestyle changes such as reducing sodium intake, exercising, and medications like diuretics or calcium channel blockers can help control blood pressure.
7. Diabetes mellitus: Managing blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medications like insulin or metformin is key to preventing complications.
8. Renal failure: Dialysis or kidney transplant may be necessary in severe cases. Managing underlying conditions like diabetes or hypertension is also important.
9. Cardiac arrhythmias: Medications like beta-blockers or antiarrhythmic drugs, along with lifestyle changes, can help manage irregular heartbeats.
10. Hyperphosphatemia: Phosphate binders like sevelamer (Renvela) or calcium acetate (PhosLo) may be used to reduce phosphate levels in the blood.

Recent Updates on Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate Research

Recent research on sodium polystyrene sulfonate has focused on its safety profile, particularly in patients with gastrointestinal conditions. A 2021 study highlighted the potential risk of bowel necrosis in patients with underlying GI issues, emphasizing the importance of careful patient selection. Additionally, newer potassium-lowering agents like patiromer and zirconium cyclosilicate have been developed, offering alternatives with potentially fewer side effects. Ongoing studies are comparing the long-term safety and efficacy of these newer agents against sodium polystyrene sulfonate.

If you have concerns about the latest research or want to explore alternative treatments, our telemedicine providers are here to help you make informed decisions about your health.

James Kingsley

Learn More